Advantages and Disadvantages of a Multi-Racial Society Essay

Nowadays 99% of the modern world countries have become a multiracial society, whether it is relative to their language, religion , culture, or traditions . Also universities , schools and other societies have become multiracial, it is not necessary for the whole country . And today with all aspects of economical, social and other types of growth , it is distinguishably linked to the globalization and the immigration of people to other countries, which has become more and more common . But can a multiracial community exist with no problems attached ? A multiracial society is very rich in culture heritage , where you get the opportunity to learn about other cultures. A multi-racial society is also a multi-linguist society so people living in such societies benefit from the richness of languages and are thus able to speak different languages , there is also a wide variety of traditions, customs and festivals that are being carried out in such countries. In addition with the fusion of cultures food becomes national, people are able to eat a wider variety of food, learning to prepare them in different ways, even celebrations of festivals become national. In addition a multi-racial society teaches people how to respect and understand the religion and cultures of others. Therefore this leads to tolerance. Moreover multi nationality makes the country more dynamic because there are people who come from different places and this can help to develop new ideas about how to make our lives better. In these multi-racial societies very often there are misunderstandings, which lead to conflict . Fanaticism is another factor, which creates conflicts in a multi-racial society. These conflicts and divisions between people is further increased by politicians who practice racial and ethnic politics, only to obtain votes. Fanaticism also encourages people in becoming racist which then leads to intolerance and misunderstandings. Not to mention that sometimes some religions in some societies get stereotyped in an insulting way, which creates clashes between two cultures or more . To conclude I will say that peace remains very fragile, it can break at any time. So we should not let anyone gamble with it. We should neither allow ourselves to be manipulated by the governments nor the people in power.

Capitalism and Alienation: The Foundation

The development of capitalism can be correlated with the economic development in the West. Capitalism allowed innovation to take precedence over traditional forms of labor and business. It replaced these traditional forms because capitalism was by nature a flexible and adaptive economic system. By incorporating competition in its rubric (a sign of flexibility), it was able to encourage the private sector to invest more in the market, resulting inevitably to increased public welfare. It was also this competition that allowed innovation to develop. By increasing the number and quality of players in the market, economic collusion was prevented, and hence this forced all firms to formulate efficient means to capture a significant portion of the market share. Because other firms would want to â€Å"get† the same portion of the â€Å"pie†, their relative share in the market remained the same; increasing the benefits accrued to the society. Thus, we come to the second quality of capitalism: adaptability. Adaptability refers to the capacity of a system to capture new locations to which it may be situated. Being adaptive does not necessarily mean that capitalism will succumb to the power of tradition or existing cultural systems. Rather capitalism sought to redefine the foundations of society (Marx, 1844/1959). Changing some aspects of society would inevitably result to a categorical redefinition of societal institutions. Capitalism could then infiltrate the society and spread its scorching arms. At this point Marx began to examine the â€Å"evils† resulting from this economic system. He argued that although capitalism initially stimulated innovation, in the long-run the bad effects of capitalism would be revealed in the so-called â€Å"superstructures† (refer to the institutions of the society – as differentiated from â€Å"substructures† which refer to the overarching systems of any society). When capitalism developed into a full, working economic system, it encouraged the private sector to invest in the market. The market here referred to the manufacturing and industrial sectors of 19th century European cities. This caused widespread migration of laborers from rural areas to booming industrial centers. In exchange for wages, the laborers â€Å"sold† their labor to capital-owners – labor became a commodity. Because labor was treated as a commodity, the capital-owner became essentially the owner of labor (Marx, 1844/1959). Although it was far from slavery, its effects were never far from the â€Å"qualities† of slavery. Here Marx identified two major effects of capitalism that approached the characteristics of slavery. The first problem that workers encountered in the workplace was alienation. Alienation refers general to the breakdown of natural interconnectedness of entities (Marx, 1844/1959). Applied to the social sciences, this refers to the natural interconnectedness of man to other things. When a man produced a certain good, it was natural to consider the man as the owner of such good. In capitalism, because the laborer sold his labor to the capital-owner, the latter became the owner of the laborer’s labor. Thus, laborers experienced 4 types of alienation in the workplace. Here are as follows: 1) alienation of man to his own products, 2) alienation of man to his fellow workers, 3) alienation of man to the production process/activities, and 4) alienation of man to his own development. The first alienation refers to the inability of the worker to own the products made by his own labor. The second type of alienation refers to the breakdown of man’s relationship to his fellow laborers in the workplace. The third connotes the inability of man to control the production process to which his labor is a significant factor of production. The last type of alienation in the workplace refers to the incapacity of man, given current circumstances, to develop his personal being. According to Marx, even lawyers and respected professionals end up as laborers because of their incapacity to oppose capitalism. When alienation became immanent in the workplace, the capitalist could easily grapple the value of the laborers, exploiting it until valueless; thus the second problem – exploitation. Reference Marx, Karl. (1844/1959). Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844. Moscow: Progress Publishers.

A Teacher Affects An Eternity

A Teacher Affects An Eternity A teacher affects an eternity: they can never tell where their influence stops. The education of a child is the root of their future; a good education increases the chances of future success. Teachers are there to inspire a future generation to be the best they can be. I believe a child’s chance of success starts in the classroom. The growth and development of any child begins with the ambition and drive of the teacher to guide them through the aspects of life either in the classroom or in the field. I am an ambitious young woman, aiming to become an excellent Secondary School Geography teacher inspiring the minds of 11-18 year olds. My passion for teaching (and in particular geography teaching) arises from my own school years. My geography teacher was an inspiring man making learning fun as well as challenging. The field courses that we attended were particularly enjoyable as the experience of learning outside the classroom creates a more interactive learning atmosphere. The positive support received by members of the geography department gave me the ambition to want to learn more about the subject and consequently made me choose to study geography at degree level at Swansea University. Departments within the school showed me that individual teachers are influential and inspiring as well as educational and how this can affect children. For example, the behavioural support unit, who offer one-to-one support for those children who may require an extra helping hand (academically or socially), does an excellent job in guiding children to be the best they can be. Taking an interest in a child’s personal development alongside their educational development establishes a secure foundation to a well-rounded future. In a report in November 2012 by the chief inspector of OFSTED stated that â€Å"Access to a good education for children and young people is far too dependent on where you happen to live†, I believe this is totally unacceptable and that every child should have the same rights to an education regardless of where they live or their socio-economic backgrounds. The success of a school is the responsibility of its staff and teachers, a good quality teacher educates a child who produces good quality exam results. I want to make a difference to the education system and I aspire to be the best teacher I can be. Geography gives an insight into different aspects of the world something that is forever increasing in modern media and allows an exploration into both human and physical impacts of everyday life. Creativity and imagination are key tools in creating a memorable and educational lesson and teaching geography at a secondary level especially at GCSE and A-level stages is overly important as these key stages in a child’s education sets them up for their future. Even if a child doesn’t remember what you said the way you made them feel about the subject will stay with them forever. Relevant Work Experience I took the initiative during my summer vacation at university to acquire real-world experience within a classroom. For the period of three weeks starting 18th June 2012 to 7th July 2012, I volunteered as a classroom observer and teaching assistant at Fitzharrys School, Abingdon. During my time at the school I took an interactive role within the geography department, in the classroom and in the field. For example, during the work experience I looked at the schemes of work for several years and devised and taught some appropriate starter activities for both year 8 and year 13. In addition to this, I also took a small group and devised an activity based upon the lesson to support the less able students, including working directly with an EAL (English as an additional language) student during their assessment period.

Wireless Networks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Wireless Networks - Essay Example (B) Radio frequency is a term that refers to alternating current (AC) having characteristics such that, if the current is input to an antenna, an electromagnetic (EM) field is generated suitable for wireless broadcasting and/or communications. These frequencies cover a significant portion of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum, extending from nine kilohertz (9 kHz),the lowest allocated wireless communications frequency (it's within the range of human hearing), to thousands of gigahertz(GHz). When an RF current is supplied to an antenna, it gives rise to an electromagnetic field that propagates through space. This field is sometimes called an RF field; in less technical jargon it is a "radio wave." Any RF field has a wavelength that is inversely proportional to the frequency. In the atmosphere or in outer space, if f is the frequency in megahertz and sis the wavelength in meters, then The frequency of an RF signal is inversely proportional to the wavelength of the EM field to which it corresponds. At 9 kHz, the free-space wavelength is approximately 33 kilometers (km) or 21 miles (mi). At the highest radio frequencies, the EM wavelengths measure approximately one millimeter (1 mm). As the frequency is increased beyond that of the RF spectrum, EM energy takes the form of infrared (IR), visible, ultraviolet (UV), X rays, and gamma rays. Many types of wireless devices make use of RF fields. ... Many types of wireless devices make use of RF fields. Cordless and cellular telephone, radio and television broadcast stations, satellite communications systems, and two-way radio services all operate in the RF spectrum. Some wireless devices operate at IR or visible-light frequencies, whose electromagnetic wavelengths are shorter than those of RF fields. Examples include most television-set remote-control boxes, some cordless computer keyboards and mice, and a few wireless hi-fi stereo headsets. (SearchNetworking.com) 2. Wireless Architecture WAP Architecture is divided into several layers. This is often called the 'WAP Stack'. (Bharadwaj) The technical description of each layer of the wireless architecture is explained below. Wireless Application Environment (WAE) The goal of WAE is to establish an environment that allows users to build applications that can be used over a wide variety of wireless systems that can be implemented efficiently. In the WAP model, WAE would be the application environments that sends and receives requests from the Clients to the Gateway to the Origin Server. WAE is composed of user agents such as browsers, text editors, date book or phonebook. WAE is also composed of scripting, higher-lever programming languages and image formats. WAE uses languages such as WML Script (similar to JavaScript) and WML (similar to HTML). Wireless Session Protocol (WSP) The Wireless Session Protocol is the layer that deals with communication between client and proxy or server. The WSP provides dialog between client and server. Wireless Transaction Protocol (WTP) The Wireless Transaction Protocol, in a simple definition, deals with the transaction of data. WTP handles

Pointillism of A Sunday on La Grande Jatte Essay

Pointillism of A Sunday on La Grande Jatte - Essay Example ans do not have an idea as to what publications on color that Seurat studied, he undoubtedly relied upon features of these connecting theories in developing pointillism. Georges Seurat’s themes (1859 – 1891) addressed within his paintings were as well impressionist subjects, however, he portrayed them in some resolutely professional way. Seurat developed a disciplined as well as painstaking system for painting, which devoted itself in analysis of color. He had much less concern on immediate color sensations recording than he was with organizing them in some careful into some new type of pictorial arrangement. Seurat disciplined the free as well as fluent play for color, which characterized impressionism into calculated arrangement founded on scientific theory of color. Neo-Impressionism happens to be a term that is practiced on an Avant- garde movement of art, which flourished during the period between 1886 and 1906 in France. The Neo Impression circle artist, led by the good example, Georges Seurat, renounced the accidental spontaneity for impression in favor for some measured method that was grounded within science as well as the study for optics. Fortified by existing the writing on theory of color, the discourses of Eugene Chevreul, Odgen Rood and Charles Henry for instance, it came to the believe of Neo Impressionists that interwoven pigment’s separate touches lead to a superior color vibrancy within the eye of an observer than achieved by conventional pigments’ mixing on the palette. They felt that the careful paint application, as well known as Melange Optigue or optical mixture, would appreciate a lively sparkle of light on canvas. Separation of color through individual pigment strokes became to be referred to as divisionism and on the other hand, application of detailed dots of paint became to be called pointillism (Fred, 664). â€Å"Ile de la Grande Jatte† interprets as the â€Å"Big Bowl Island† as well as the enormous work done by Georges

Approaches of the Balance of Payment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Approaches of the Balance of Payment - Essay Example Balance of payment is an important section of the national economy of a country. It constitutes a major part. The report will primarily highlight the importance and relevance of balance of payment. Further it will emphasize on one of its approaches and will depict the importance of that approach in the present business environment. However in this respect, the elasticities approach will be highlighted. Similarly its relevance in the present business environment will be discussed. Nevertheless before getting into the discussion a brief overview of balance of payment is presented below:- The Balance of payment (BOP) can be referred to as one of the economic indicators which are mainly used to determine the political and economical stability of a country (Nayak 172). It takes into account the trade balance, financial transactions with the other countries for a specific period of time. Apart from this balance of payment distinguishes all the exports and imports, which embraces all the financial transactions, and it also differentiates monetary differences of the economic transactions. Now in the context of a country, if it has a positive BOP, then it signifies that a country has more funds coming in from the international trade than going out. While negative BOP illustrates that, a country has more funds flowing out than coming in. Elasticities approach is an approach of BOP that tries to predict the outcome after the impact of policy changes on BOP. In order to cite an example, elasticities approach primarily shed light on the impact of exchange rate on the balance. Furthermore, if the balance of payment is in equilibrium state, the elasticities approach assumes that the devaluation can certainly enhance BO (Gagnon, â€Å"Long-run supply effects and the elasticities approach to trade†). However devaluation to perform successfully, price elasticities of foreign demand of import and domestic demand has to

Justice Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Justice Discussion - Essay Example Therefore, the original position of justice is the initial status quo that ensures the necessary agreements are fair. Consequently, justice is equated with fairness and acceptability as determined by the situation. Rawls theorized two principles of justice founded on equality. Specifically, these principles are The implementation of justice depends on fairness as expressed in Rawls principles. In making policies, laws, decisions, or judgments, it is important to ensure each party in the case receives a fair decision. Precisely, this means acting without any form of discrimination or external influence that might sway the decision (Rawls,  1971). As Rawls puts it, justice ensures efficiency in the distribution of resources and promoting economic development. On a similar account, Plato asserts that the implementation of justice should depict a virtue of the soul that promotes the health of the soul (Plato, Ferrari, & Griffith, 2000). In summary, the application of justice encourages equality, efficiency, fairness and non-discriminatory

Preliminary International Marketing Report Research Paper

Preliminary International Marketing Report - Research Paper Example It is no big doubt that it is hard for external products especially from the developing nations to sell in the American economy (Scott, 2010). Two articles: Smartphones in the U.S.: Market Analysis and Samsung GALAXY S4, S4 Active and S4 Mini, Companions for every business attempts to explain how the Samsung, a Korean company has struggled to win over the smartphone American market. The company has faced stiff competition from American local smartphone manufacturers and other foreign companies that are also struggling to penetrate the market. Samsung announced the release of its Samsung Galaxy S6 Edge at the beginning of the year 2015. This is the newest and latest version of the Samsung Galaxy S series with some added traits into the global market. The company confirmed that the smartphone has created a difference on the Galaxy S6 that is curved on the edge. The company notes that the design change is aimed at creating a supplementary screen space allowing of notifications (Scott, 2010). The two articles presents various theories regarding business and penetration capacity of business into a region. Conquering of the American market in the smartphone section special recognition and specialization in terms of market segmentation, cultural issues, target markets and apposite tackling of barriers. The process of smartphone packaging, features, design elements and competition factors are considerable inputs that must be placed in action, market entry methods, legal issues, and ethical issues. The American and South Korean trade relationship is typically good and has been a conducive recipe for business growth between America and South Korea. American or U.S culture is dominantly a western culture, but Korean culture has dominance of dominance Asian culture influence. The American economy is bigger and more powerful than the Korean economy. Korea has teamed up with most developing nation to promote international treaties and respect laws regulating

Social determinants of health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Social determinants of health - Essay Example Remarkably, the health situation in Australia is extraordinary and impressive in most aspects compared to other neighboring countries; however, the cancer issues continue to multiply creating the need to counter them and understand those affected for utter support. Definitely, cancer is an ailment that changes lives of most people with the survivors having positive outcomes resulting from well adjustment over time; nonetheless, there are still those that face daily challenges. The common health problems that result from cancer include weariness, aching, sexual complications, despair, apprehension and frame of mind deficiency; largely, these problems appear to be the core disruptors of the affected lives but the most frustrating are the social struggles (AIHW 2010). Typically, while undergoing treatment, most cancer patients are able to change their morals and objectives, perspectives on life and how they relate with others as part of the social development program: however, there are barriers such as occupational challenges, hitches with insurance and health worries that also negatively affect their social lives hence there still lacks a sheer solution. This article gives a brief analysis of the social impact on cancer evaluating the different social determinants of health relevant to the cancer and low socio-economic groups in Australia. Currently, cancer is the leading burden disease in Australia and has dominated for the last eleven years; the burden is a result of lives lost over the years due to premature death and disabilities from prostate, colorectal, breast, lung and melanoma cancers (CVA 2013). Occupational and social environment aspects of the infected affect the mortality rate; however, these are not the only core contributors but they are key determinants of a significant number of dissimilar cancers. The occupation determinant is about the exposures that people face in their workplaces; for instance, some of the machines and equipment used

Personal life Essay Example for Free

Personal life Essay Quote I chose the quote â€Å"You also have to take time to think about why it is the right thing† this quote with the context of the text is certainly true. Just because all the people including your parents act in certain ways for specific situations, it doesn ´t mean that it ´s the right thing to do. And if you act like you have always seen just to follow everybody else, in my opinion is worst, because you don ´t even know if that actions are the right thing to do, you are just doing what â€Å"everybody does† and for me that is worst than thinking about the situation, taking your own decision, and then if you made it wrong, that helps you learning about good and bad decisions by your own, then you can judge another people decisions, because you have already analyze different situations by your own. Personal Case In the part of the text that shows some examples of ethical dilemmas, the one that says â€Å"should I extend the life of my beloved pet, or should I put an end to its increasing suffering by having it put to sleep?† This reminds me of a pet my dad loved, its name was Toby, it was a little Fox Terrier my dad bought like 10 years ago, it was a very healthy dog, but then when he started getting older, a ball started growing in his throat, so he started having eating and breathing problems, we took him to the vet, and he told us that he had a type of cancer, so he recommended us to put it to sleep, but my father refused. Toby started being skinner, and one day we found him dead in the garden. Maybe I would preferred having it put to sleep, that make him and my dad suffer, because every time my dad saw Toby, he was very sad because of its condition. Main Points This article wants us to understand what ethics is, the main point of it is realize that ethics is present everyday in every activity we do during the day. Also its purpose is to show us some ethic dilemmas to identify whether we have been part of something similar. At the end this article what’s us to realize that we have to take control of our lives, and our ethic decisions, because doing the things just because always he have done it like this, it doesn ´t mean it is the right thing to do.

Level of VEGF in Chronic Nephropathy Models

Level of VEGF in Chronic Nephropathy Models The number of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) progressing to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and requiring renal replacement therapy are increasing worldwide. In India, the age-adjusted incidence rate of ESRD is estimated to be 229 per million population (pmp), and >100,000 new patients enter renal replacement programs annually (1). Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the most common cause of ESRD development among other disorders predisposing to ESRD. The costs of DN are significantly higher than those from other diabetic complications because the patients are subjected to haemodialysis programs and renal transplant when failure occurs. Thus, the burden of DN on public health is enormous (2). The current therapy for patients with renal injury includes glycemic control by antidiabetic medications. Blockage of renin angiotensin system (RAS) is the most commonly practiced way of controlling blood pressure in DN. However, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin recep tor blockers moderately slow the rate of progression but do not arrest or reverse the progression of disease. Moreover, RAS blockade is usually initiated only after DN manifests itself clinically with persistent proteinuria in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. But despite knowledge of the devastating effects of these complications and the involved costs to patients, to date, there is still no method that is sufficiently sensitive and accurate for subclinical diagnoses of diabetic nephropathy. The pathomechanisms leading to these changes are not yet clearly understood and therefore, therapeutic approaches for relief of this disease are scarce or do not permit a favorable pharmacological intervention. Angiogenesis the development of new blood vessels from pre-existing ones is involved in physiological events and in pathological disorders including cancer, proliferative retinopathy, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and neointimal formation. Angiogenesis is controlled by the balance between proangiogenic and anti-angiogenic factors. Experimental studies have demonstrated the involvement of an imbalance of angiogenesis-related factors in the progression of CKD and the potential therapeutic effects of modulating these factors have been identified (3, 4). Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A, a potent pro-angiogenic factor, is involved in the development of the kidney, and also plays an important role in maintaining the glomerular capillary structure and in the repair process following injuries of glomerular endothelial cells and peritubular capillaries (5-7). It is constitutively expressed in podocytes, proximal tubular cells and medullary thick ascending limb cells in the ju xtamedullary region of the normal kidney. Evidence is emerging that VEGF plays a critical role in maintaining renal homeostasis (8, 9). Altered (increased or decreased) expression of VEGF leads to glomerular dysfunction and proteinuria (3, 10-15). It has been demonstrated that VEGF administration has a beneficial effect in both acute and chronic nondiabetic renal disease. In the remnant kidney model and cyclosporine nephropathy, decreased VEGF expression was observed. These observations were correlated with renal dysfunction and capillary loss. VEGF administration was found to reverse the renal dysfunction in these models (4, 16, 17). In contrast, both circulating and local VEGF levels are high in diabetes. In diabetic nephropathy , the increases in the number of glomerular capillaries and in the glomerular levels of VEGF-A and its receptor VEGFR-2 are observed (3, 18). The role of abnormal angiogenesis induced by VEGF has been implicated in diabetic retinopathy and diabetic nephrop athy associated with progression of disease and the excessive VEGF has been shown to have a role in mediating glomerular hypertrophy (3). The precise mechanism is unclear for contradictory status of VEGF-A in diabetic and non diabetic kidney disease. So, in the present study we decided to investigate the level of VEGF in two different chronic nephropathy models; one was diabetes induced chronic nephropathy and the other was non diabetic nephropathy. VEGF and NO interaction has been explained as one of the regulating mechanism in causing paradoxical effects of VEGF by Takahiko Nakagawa et al.; 2007. The author explained the dark side and the bright side of VEGF effects. VEGF normally stimulates endothelial nitric oxide (NO) release and acts in coordination with elevated NO levels as a trophic factor for vascular endothelium. The increased NO derived from the endothelial cell acts as an inhibitory factor that prevents excess endothelial cell proliferation, vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, and macrophage infiltration. Normally, an elevation in VEGF expression should result in elevated endothelial NO levels, since VEGF increases both endothelial NOS (eNOS) expression and NO release from endothelial cells. However, in diabetes, despite high levels of VEGF, endothelial NO levels are low. The authors have summarized several mechanisms to explain the low endothelial NO bioavailability. First, glucose can scavenge NO. Second, t here is an impairment of eNOS activation. A third mechanism could be oxidative stress, which quenches NO to form peroxynitrite. Fourth, the formation of advanced glycation products in diabetes may also result in the consumption of endothelial NO. Fifth, both asymmetric dimethyl arginine and uric acid are commonly elevated in diabetes and can reduce endothelial NO bioavailability. Finally, NO may bind to glycosylated deoxyhemoglobin. Thus in diabetic settings high levels of VEGF, in absence of NO; lead to excessive endothelial cell proliferation, stimulation of macrophage chemotaxis, and vascular smooth muscle cell activation resulting in vascular injury (19, 20). Based on these observations we decided to investigate level of NO, in addition to VEGF; in two different chronic nephropathy models. The therapeutic effects of anti-VEGF-A strategies and anti-angiogenic factors in diabetic nephropathy have been reported (21). The beneficial effects of administration of VEGF in non diabetic CKD have been reported (17). The contrasting effects of VEGF in non-diabetic and diabetic kidney disease prompted us to review factors modulating VEGF expression in CKD. Hypoxia and certain cytokines are major regulators of VEGF expression (22-29). Physiological adaptation to hypoxia is an area of intense investigation. Adenosine is a critical mediator during ischemia and hypoxia and contributes to diseases as diverse as inflammation and carcinogenesis (30). Inhibition of adenosine kinase and the dephosphorylation of ATP and AMP by surface apyrases (e.g., CD39) and ecto-5’ nucleotidase (CD73), respectively, represent the major pathways of extracellular adenosine liberation during oxygen supply imbalances. Once liberated in the extracellular space, adenosine is either recycled (e.g., throu gh dipyridamole-sensitive carriers) or interacts with cell surface Adenosine Receptors (ARs). Presently, four subtypes of G protein-coupled ARs exist, designated A1, A2A, A2B, and A3. They are classified according to utilization of pertussis toxin sensitive pathways (A1 and A3) or adenylate cyclase (A2A and A2B). The A2BAR have been recently much investigated for their role on renal functions. A2BAR have been reported to inhibit PDGF induced growth of mesangial cells ,they also protect the kidney from ischemia (31, 32). A2BAR have also been reported to inhibit inflammation, so it is remained to be determined which type of A2AR are involved in inflammation associated with diabetic nephropathy. A2B receptors have a lower affinity compared with other subtypes and require higher concentrations of adenosine for their stimulation and such high levels can be reached during hypoxia, ischemia, inflammation, and injury. A2BAR regulate various pathological processes, including mast cell activation, vasodilatation, inhibition of cardiac fibroblast and vascular smooth muscle growth, stimulation of endothelial cell (EC) growth, and angiogenesis (8,9,10,11,12). The functional aspects of ARs responses may be determined by surface expression profiles. Microarray analyses of cDNA derived from endothelial cells subjected to various periods of hypoxia revealed significant changes in the ARs profile, wherein the prominent phenotypic change favored A2BAR expression, with concomitant down regulation of A1AR and A3AR(2). As chronic state of nephropathy also involve hypoxic intra renal environment (33), we decided to find the expression of A2BAR in two different models of chronic nephropathy. The most potent stimuli for VEGF production is hypoxia as stated above. The evidence of line also suggests the hyperglycemic state of diabetes to be hypoxic. Particularly, it has been demonstrated that in a mouse podocytes cell line the expression of VEGF increases under exposition to high D-glucose concentrations. At present however, it is not clear how glomerular VEGF production is unregulated in response to diabetes or high glucose concentration (13). Ex vivo exposure of rat kidney glomeruli to adenosine leads to an increase in VEGF content. Activation of A2BAR subtypes augments expression and releases VEGF beyond basal levels in rat glomeruli. Additionally, the status of VEGF and NO axis in non diabetic nephropathy is not well investigated. Based on these observations we decided to investigate the effects of A2BAR modulators on VEGF and NO in chronic diabetic nephropathy. Reconstitution of endothelial NO synthesis and/or its availability in glomeruli of diabetic nephropathy anima l models via the A2BAR modulation, remains an interesting matter. We thus hypothesize that differential expression of VEGF in diabetic and non-diabetic kidney diseases is mediated by A2BAR. The expression of A2B receptor is disease specific. Cyclosporine A (CsA) is a potent immunosuppressive agent with definite efficacy to prevent organ allograft rejection. However, CsA causes significant nephrotoxicity that might contribute to long-term kidney graft loss (34). Acute CsA nephrotoxicity is characterized by renal vasoconstriction, which is dose-related and reversible with dose reduction. In contrast, chronic CsA nephrotoxicity may be progressive and irreversible, the histological lesion of which includes tubular atrophy, afferent arteriolar hyalinosis. We resolved to investigate the mechanisms of cyclosporine induced nephropathy as non diabetic chronic nephropathy model in present study. A line of evidence has demonstrated reduction in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and nitric oxide (NO) in CsA nephropathy(35, 36). VEGF is an endothelial cell mitogen that increases angiogenesis and vascular permeability. Endogenous VEGF has a relevant role in the renal tubular defense against CsA toxicity. Blockade of the VEGF by ÃŽ ±-VEGF results in intensification of the tubular injury the CsA nephropathy(37). The occurrence of both in-vivo and in-vitro effects of VEGF blockade provides evidence of a direct protective effect of VEGF on the tubular cell. Numerous studies have reported a important role of NO in regulation of the effects of VEGF on angiogenesis, vascular permeability, and blood pressure regulation (38, 39). A2BAR have been known to mediate NO release in various pathological settings (40, 41). In the late phase of CsA nephropathy, nitric oxide synthase activation is reduced (42). However, it is necessary to determine whether or not A2BAR agonist induces VEGF in chronic CsA nephropathy. Previous in vitro studies using vascular smooth muscle cells as well as macrophages suggest administration of A2BAR agonists results in increased VEGF expression, potentially stimulating angiogenesis. Accordingly, it was hypothesized that A2BAR agonists induce expression of key angiogenic factors such as VEGF in CsA induced chronic nephropathy. Such an increase in renal VEGF expression by A2BAR activators may initiate the angiogenic response at the site of renal injury. Hence present study was designed to investigate the effects of A2BAR modulators on VEGF expression and NO levels in kidneys of chronic CsA induced nephropathy.

Expansion Of Arthurs Battle With The Giant :: essays research papers

Arthur turned his head in the direction the woman's gaze and there before him stood the giant that he had heard so much about during the past few days. It stood almost 20 feet off the ground and carried a club bigger than Arthur himself. The stench of rotting human corpses emanated from its disgusting body and insects of every sort imaginable crawled freely through its hair and under its skin. Arthur stood motionless, stunned for a moment by the unbelievable hideousness of the creature."How could a God who created the beauty of things such as the forests and mountains also be responsible for creating such filth?" thought Arthur. He then put his hand on his sword and grasped it tightly. Was this giant more than he could handle? Would his pride and honor lead him to his death? If Merlin was right, and God was not on his side, how could he expect to win this fight? Arthur's stomach began to churn as all these thoughts flew through his mind and he clenched Excalibur even tighter. The giant was carrying the bodies of twelve peasants on its back. The sight of the dead men and women the giant had so mercilessly killed enraged Arthur. This beast would pay dearly for its crimes if he had anything to do with it."May great God in heaven, who rules the world, give you a short life and shameful death! Surely you are the most foul fiend that was ever formed! Guard yourself, you dog, and prepare to die, for this day my hands will kill you!" exclaimed Arthur.The giant answered Arthur by raising its massive club and swinging it at him. Arthur could feel a gust of wind blow against him as the tree-sized club whipped through the air towards him. He raised his shield with his head covered in an attempt to block the giants blow. This was the worst part of fighting for Arthur, not being able to see what was happening, he would have to leave his fate up to God.The blow came quickly, completely jolting and stunning Arthur and shattering his shield into sawdust, but at least he was still alive. If God was to forsake him, today was not the day He did so. Arthur's strength and confidence grew after he survived the first blow for he believed God would protect him tonight.

My Philosophy :: Philosophy of Education Teaching Teachers Essays

My Philosophy Why do children turn out the way that they do? Do the decisions we make as teachers have a big impact on our students? Consideration needs to be given to these issues as we enter classrooms. The children of today will be the leaders of tomorrow. Therefore, all children need a structured education to help them learn their responsibilities in life. Children need to stay active in the classroom and be aware of the importance of their education. Students of the elementary age have various characteristics. They have curiosity flowing and their minds are active. Children want to understand what is happening around them. Students have a wide imagination, which allows them to be creative and unique. Children respect their teachers and imitate their actions because they look up to their teachers as role models. Students are dependent, therefore needing attention and assistance. The nature of knowledge is relative. Each individual learns differently. Teachers need to use different strategies for everyone to learn the same area of curriculum. Everyone has a distinct personality that allows him or her to learn differently. Some areas come easier to individuals than other areas. Each person’s ability to learn something is dependent upon his or her environment around them. For example, if someone isn’t provided with the proper tools for the area of study, they will not be able to learn it. The use of different techniques will allow each individual to use their constructive intelligence. The purpose of education is to help individuals to learn about their world, morals, and the values of their country that will help guide them through their society. Education is a very important aspect in today’s world. Education allows each individual to succeed in life and to inspire knowledge that will be passed on to younger generations. As a teacher, I hope to provide the best education possible for my students. I plan to inspire each individual in a way that will help them in life.

Essay --

Ocean Acidification Water is the dominating force of life; it has etched, carved and determined the fate of humanity itself since the beginning of time. All living organisms are reliant on water; forced to migrate or adapt at a turn of events as simple as a drought. Despite pipes, wells and most other man made engineering, even humans still spend their days chasing clouds. So for once on this planet there are no arguments, no debates, as to the fact that we need water to survive. We even depend on the undrinkable oceans coating the earth; that act as a shelter for tens of thousands of ecosystems, food chains, and organisms. Some of which have achieved such a precarious balance, that the loss of any creature in a food web may lead to the downfall of the planet itself. â€Å"We are already well into a new geological era†¦ where human interference is the dominant factor in nearly every planetary ecosystem, to the detriment of perhaps all of them† (Lynas, 49). So why exactly are humans shifting such an important balance for the sake of excess? We’re tipping the scale; and might not be able to tell when the water starts to burn. Ocean acidification is a process that disrupts some of the most important biological functions and processes that all living organisms are dependent on. What is Ocean Acidification? Ocean Acidification is the act of CO2 dissolving into seawater, decreasing its alkalinity and increasing it's hydrogen ion concentration; making organisms sensitive to shifts in the water. Anything from temperature change to toxic waste inflicts some sort of change upon the ocean and the creatures it engulfs. As most people are aware, humans are altering the earth’s climate through producing greenhouse gas that is blanketing our atmosph... ...of coral. Zooxanthellae provides corals with their pigmentation as well as glucose and amino acids. Loss of zooxanthellae leads to "bleaching", a loss of coloration and stamina within the coral that lends the organism prone to disease. Conclusion Somehow our oceans maintain the balance between being some of the most powerful forces on the earth, and the most easily disturbed masses on the planet. There are so many things that could go wrong within the countless cycles, and the delicate processes that stabalize nature and sustain the biosphere; and people are continually interfering with these cycles. Ocean acidification is one of the most obvious results of human interference upon nature. â€Å"Pollution is nothing but the resources we are not harvesting. We allow them to disperse because we've been ignorant of their value.† ("R. Buckminster Fuller, in Memoriam").

Sophie’s World

Philosophy 101 Mr. Trembley While reading Sophie’s World Jostein Gaarder identifies and tackles large philosophical questions. Using Sophie as the â€Å"fresh† child mind, Gaarder attempts to portray how a young mind would react to large philosophical questions. By the time I got to page 13 in the text, I noticed that the major philosophical questions were simply stated by the mysterious teacher of Sophie. One major question that Sophie asks and tries to answer is â€Å"who are you? At first, on page 3, Sophie blatantly focuses on the physicality of the question. She is the girl staring back at her self-reflected image on the mirror. She then concluded by saying â€Å"you are me,† and â€Å"I am you,† to her mirror image. Once again, it was a very obvious and physical truth in regards to who she was. However, by page 7 she takes a more philosophical approach and understands that there are many levels after she ponders about it more. After pondering, she e ssentially concludes that the questions are riddles.Yet, coming from narrator verbatim, â€Å"For the first time in her life she felt it wasn’t right to live in the world without at least inquiring where it came from. † She went from a mentality of specific perspective to understanding the general concept that finding a philosophical answer isn’t the purpose†¦but pondering and asking questions about who she was and where the world came from was more beneficial. In my perspective, the acknowledgement of these philosophical questions is a massive step for Sophie.I definitely agree with Sophie because sometimes the questions are very annoying, because no one will really know the answers to the questions the teacher asked her. The narrator states on page 7 that the questions â€Å"jolted Sophie out of her everyday existence and suddenly brought her face to face with the great riddles of the universe. † I find this particularly interesting because to me t he questions asked by philosophers are not meant to be confusing, time wasting questions. Instead, the questions spark of wonder that leads to creative, varied perspectives on extremely large questions. Sophie’s World The book review that I will be doing is about the book Sophie’s World (Norweigan: Sofies verden), a 1991 novel written by Norwegian writer Jostein Gaarder. According to the book itself, Sophie’s World is Gaarder’s first book to appear in English because he is a Norweigan. . It was originally written in Norwegian and became a best seller in Norway. The novel was later translated into fifty-three languages, with over thirty million copies in print. It follows the events of Sophie Amundsen, a teenage girl living in Norway and Alberto Knox, a middle aged philosopher who introduces her to philosophical thinking and the history of philosophy. II. SUMMARY: Sophie Amundsen is fourteen years old when the book begins, living in Norway. She begins a strange correspondence course in philosophy. Every day, a letter comes to her mailbox that contains a few questions and then later in the day a package comes with some typed pages describing the ideas of a philosopher who dealt with the issues raised by the questions. Although at first she does not know, later on Sophie learns that Alberto Knox is the name of the philosopher who is teaching her. He sends her packages via his dog Hermes. Alberto first tells Sophie that philosophy is extremely relevant to life and that if we do not question and ponder our very existence we are not really living. Then he proceeds to go through the history of western philosophy. Alberto teaches Sophie about the ancient myths that people had in the days before they tried to come up with natural explanations for the processes in the world. Then she learns about the natural philosophers who were concerned with change. Next Alberto describes Democritus and the theory of indivisible atoms underlying all of nature as well as the concept of fate. At the same time as she takes the philosophy course, Sophie receives a strange postcard sent to Hilde Moller Knag, care of Sophie. The postcard is from Hilde's father and wishes Hilde happy birthday. Sophie is confused, and moreso when she finds a scarf with Hilde's name on it. She does not know what is happening but she is sure that Hilde and the philosophy course must somehow be connected. She learns about Socrates, who was wise enough to know that he knew nothing. Then Alberto ends her a video that shows him in present day Athens and somehow he seems to go back in time to ancient Athens. She learns about Plato and his world of ideas and then about Aristotle, who critiqued Plato, classified much of the natural world, and founded logic and our theory of concepts. Then, as Sophie's education continues, the Hilde situation begins to get more complicated. She finds many more postcards to Hilde, and some of them are even dated on June 15, the day of Sophie will turn 15. The problem is t hat June 15 is still over a month away. She discovers some of this with her best friend Joanna, and one of the postcards tells Hilde that one day she will meet Sophie and also mentions Joanna. Strange things are happening that the girls cannot figure out. Sophie's relationship with her mother becomes somewhat strained as she tries both to cover up the correspondence with Alberto and to practice her philosophical thinking on her mom. Meanwhile, Alberto teaches Sophie about Jesus and the meeting of Indo-European and Semitic culture. She learns about St. Augustine, St. Aquinas, and the christianization of Greek philosophy that occurred in the Middle Ages. By this time, Sophie has met Alberto and he begins hinting that the philosophy is about to get extremely relevant to the strange things that are happening to her. Sophie learns about the focus on humanity in the Renaissance and the extremes of the Baroque and then Alberto focuses on some key philosophers. Urgently, he teaches her about Descartes, who doubted, and by doing so knew at least that he could doubt. They move on to Spinoza as it becomes clear that Hilde's father has some awesome power over them. Then Sophie learns about the empiricists. Locke believed in natural rights and that everything we know is gained from experience. Hume, an important influence on Kant, showed that our actions are guided by feelings and warned against making laws based upon our experiences. But Berkeley is most important to Sophie because he suggested that perhaps our entire lives were inside the mind of God. And Alberto says that their lives are inside the mind of Albert Knag, Hilde's father. At this point the story switches to Hilde's point of view. On June 15, the day she turns fifteen, Hilde receives a birthday gift from her father entitled Sophie's World. She begins to read and is enthralled. We follow the rest of Sophie's story from Hilde's perspective. Hilde becomes certain that Sophie exists, that she is not just a character in a book. Alberto has a plan to escape Albert Knag's mind, and they must finish the philosophy course before that can happen. He teaches Sophie about the Enlightenment and its humane values and about Kant and his unification of empiricist and rationalist thought. Things in Sophie's life have become completely insane but she and Alberto know they must figure out a way to do something. It will have to occur on the night of June 15, when Hilde's father returns home. They learn about the world spirit of Romanticism, Hegel's dialectical view of history, and Kierkegaard's belief that the individual's existence is primary. Meanwhile, Hilde plans a surprise for her father on his return home. They rush through Marx, Darwin, Freud, and Sartre, desperate to come up with a plan to escape even though everything they do is known by Hilde's father. Then at the end of Sophie's World, the book that Hilde is reading, while at a party for Sophie on June 15, Alberto and Sophie disappear. Hilde's father comes home and they talk about the book, and Hilde is sure that Sophie exists somewhere. Meanwhile, Sophie and Alberto have a new existence as spirit—they have escaped from Albert Knag's mind but they are invisible to other people and can walk right through them. Sophie wants to try to interfere in the world of Hilde and her father, and at the end of the book she is learning how to do so. III. PROPER BOOK REVIEW: The day that this book was handed to me, I thought it was boring at all because it’s about philosophy. But then, when I started reading, I became interested and even more interested in the plot of the story in which Sophie Amundsen received a letter from an anonymous sender. I became to wonder who it came from. Did it come from a suitor or maybe from school? Those were just the things that came up to my mind while reading the first page of the book. When the questions were revealed, such as such as â€Å"Who are you? † and â€Å"Where did the world come from? , I myself were interested to know the answers too. It was like it was me who was in Sophie’s situation. It’s really funny how I became attached with the story though I don’t really read novels. As the story progresses, the reader becomes attached to Sophie and follows her on the quest for answers. We are reminded of the beauty in the genuine thirst for knowledge and f or answers that we often devalue as we get older. This book can be approached in different ways. It is on one hand the story of a few individual lives, and on the other a philosophy book. Seeing it only as the story of Sophie Amundsen brings little satisfaction, but regarding it only as a reference on philosophy does not fulfill its purpose. To me, its theme is an expression of people's propensity to become caught up in their daily lives and lose the desire to question. And though the characters seem two-dimensional at times, I viewed them as tools of the writer, commenting on what Gaarder saw in the world. The style of the novel is similar to a detective story which emphasizes Gaardner’s idea that philosophy’s search for answers to the fundamental questions of life is much like a detective’s investigation. Throughout the book, we are reminded that philosophy is not the pursuit of someone who has spare time to sit and ponder; rather, it is essential for every living, thinking human being. This novel is a great substitute for a boring philosophy book. Sophie’s World is probably the best way to learn about philosophy. Even more redeeming is the fictional portion of the novel, so although readers may grow bored and want to skip over the philosophy lesson bits, you'll still find yourself being pulled in enough to finish the entire lengthy book. Sophie’s world took me in a wild and crazy ride while also learning about the history of philosophy. I liked this book because it was never preachy and is not trying to force any grand idea down my throat. Instead it gave me a bunch of really good ideas and let me form my own philosophy and let me choose the ideas I wanted to believe. I also loved the crazy plot twists of the story. Just like when the story revealed that Sophie and Alberto Knox were just part of another story and when Hilde wanted to believe that Sophie and Alberto were real people as opposed to some characters in a book written for Hilde’s 15th birthday. I think it was great how the author just kept making the story weirder and weirder. First Sophie kept getting mysterious post cards, then they started popping up everywhere, then a banana said â€Å"Happy Birthday Hilde†, then the dog talked and when she found out she was in a book she started seeing Winnie the Pooh and Little Red Riding Hood. This book was just a bunch of jumbled insanity that kept my attention every step of the way. I absolutely loved it I think everybody on the planet should read this book. Personally I thought the philosophy lessons were boring, but Jostein Gaarder paints such a beautiful picture and story that Sophie's World truly is compelling.

Economic inequality Essay

According to Douglass Massey, what makes America so exceptional? Explain globalization’s effects on inequality in the United States. According to Douglass Massey, what makes America so exceptional is â€Å"among developed nations for the amount of inequality it tolerates† (Massey 22). Globalization happens all around the world but, only in the United States inequality is getting out of hand. Globalization’s effects on inequality in United States is after the end of the New Deal coalition the rich got richer and the poor got poorer. The new realignment favored the rich in the expense of middle and lower classes. The poor was taxed more and the rich were taxed less. Tarry Hum’s article (â€Å"Persistent Polarization..†) provides a profile of the city’s current labor force. What does Hum mean by â€Å"persistent polarization†? Compare per capita income and rates of unemployment among different racial and ethnic groups in New York City. – In Tarry Hum’s article â€Å"Persistent Polarization† means the large gap of employment in terms of race, gender, and nativity. For instance, language, proficiency, and education. In terms of race, African Americans, Latinos, and Asians (minorities) were making up 70-75% of the workforce. I’m not really understanding the second part of the question but, I’ll take a go at it. – According to the data, Immigrants aren’t happy about their working condition and wages. The data shows that immigrants works most insecure jobs such as construction and transportation. Some of these jobs are also very high risk yet they get paid below average wages. Does Katherine Newman (author of â€Å"Working Lives†) subscribe to the â€Å"poverty as pathology† idea that people are poor because they are lazy/have no work ethic/don’t try to get a job? Support your answer with evidence from her article. Katherine Newman thinks that if people work hard they should be rewarded. This also doesn’t mean that people in poverty deserves their low standard of living. This means if you work hard you should be rewarded and if you don’t you don’t deserve anything from the goverment. Individuals that lacks work ethics should not be compensated by the states. Not only do they not deserve it they didn’t even try. She thinks that personal failure they are resistaing the econmic and social program. An individual, if you’re not smart and poor and whatever it means it only mean you’re failing yourself and not because the states didn’t do anything for you.

Fiction †Love Essay

The two literary works that I have chosen were â€Å"Country Lovers† and â€Å"What It’s like to be a Black Girl†, to me they share the same theme of Race and Ethnicity. Country Lovers was a really good short story that described lovers of the country. What it’s like to be a Black Girl was a short poem that talked about the background of race and the dilemma of ethnicity. To me the poem and the short story both talked about race and ethnicity, they were both represented and distinguished by the black female. She was considered as the main character in both poems. After reading the short story Country Lovers and the poem, What It’s Like to Be a Black Girl I concluded that they were using the same theme like race or ethnicity. The short story and poem were briefly explained, and the two literary works were based on a black female. The short story Country Lovers written by Nadine Gordimer in 1975 happened on a South African farm, I found this story to be very heartfelt; about true love between Thebedi and Paulus. Thebedi was a black girl who worked on a farm, and Paulus was a young white boy in South Africa. Paulus was the son of a farm owner, and once I read the story it was evident that the theme was about the interracial problems and relationships. The Story was based on love, which is something I loved about the story. The main characters were Thebedi and Paulus, as they grew they started spending more time together. Something that stood put to me was that Paulus was the son Thebedi’s farm owner. Thebedi’s father was the servant of the owner of the farm Mr. Eysendyck’s, so Thebedi had grown up as a farm girl working as a servant for Paulus father. When Paulus was about twelve or thirteen he wanted to go off to school for higher studies, so they will be separated. This story mainly describes their interracial relationships, the innocent love they share for each other, and the gifts they shared. Later on in the story the narrator clearly explained about the couples break ups, that takes place when it comes to the side of education. Later on in the story Thebedi became pregnant, Paulus did not know she was pregnant. She told her friends in the carol that she has a boyfriend or a sweetheart in the farm, and nobody knew about it. Thrbedi’s friends teased but admired her, the story also talks about another boy named Njabulo who liked her and wanted to buy her a belt and some earrings. The word love in this short story to me was considered to be lust; lust played a great role in the story. Lust takes over as described here when Paulus has no regards, the story talks about how he gets into water with other girls. â€Å"The schoolgirls he went swimming with at dams or pools on neighboring farms wore bikinis but the sight of their dazzling bellies and thighs in the sunlight had never made him feel what he felt now when the girl came up the bank and sat beside him, the drops of water beading off her dark legs the only points of light in the earth smelling deep shade. They were not afraid of one another, they had known one another always; he did with her what he had done that time in the storeroom at the wedding, and this time it was so lovely, so lovely, he was surprised and she was surprised by it too, he could see in her dark face that was part of the shade, with her big dark eyes, shiny as soft water, watching him attentively: as she had when they used to huddle over their teams of mud oxen, as she had when he told her about detention weekends at school. † (Clugston, 2010). The racial and ethical dilemma occurrence also becomes a noticeable factor as we read further into this short story; Paulus Eysendyck arrives home from the veterinary college he was attending for the holidays. Upon drinking a glass of fresh milk in his mother’s kitchen he over hears a conversation between the servants in the house say â€Å"where they could get a reliable substitute to help out now that the girl Thebedi had a baby† he became shocked and had to find out the truth immediately for himself, so he goes to Thrbedi’s hut by the kraal to see for himself and also a place he had never been since he was a small boy. When he reaches the hut and see’s the baby first hand â€Å"He struggled for a moment with a grimace of tears, anger, and self-pity. She could not put out her hand to him. He said, â€Å"You haven’t been near the house with it? â€Å"’ (Clugston, 2010). So now in this part of the story we can truly see that it is illustrated, that the truth is and was a racial and ethical dilemma. Back then it was forbidden to have a mixed child, being of black and white ethical backgrounds. Paulus also has thoughts of killing himself and his certain reactions, his tone and choice of words reflect on racial dilemma, they both smelled trouble brewing in the air . Their forbidden relationship shows how he knew that such thing was not tolerated in his community; it was unacceptable in this ethical society. References Clugston, R. W. (2010). Journey into literature. San Diego, California: Bridgepoint Education, Inc.

Neologisms

Information about Neologism In linguistics, a neologism is a recently-coined word. It also is the result of the act of inventing a word or phrase. Additionally it can imply the use of old words in a new sense (i. e. , giving new meanings for existing words or phrases). Neologisms are especially useful in identifying new inventions, new phenomena, or old ideas which have taken on a new cultural context. The word â€Å"neologism† was coined around the end of the1800 and was a neologism itself.Neologisms tend to occur more often in cultures which are rapidly changing, and also in situations where there is easy and fast propagation of information. Neologisms are often created by combining existing words or giving words new and unique suffixes or prefixes. Neologisms often enter the language through mass media, the Internet, or through word of mouth – especially, many linguists suspect, by younger people. Virtually every word in a language was, at some time, a neologism, tho ugh many are quite ancient.Neologistic words or phrases themselves are borrowed from the older word, when required, to define the new concepts. Neologistic words or phrases which are combined are often shortened or lengthened. Neologisms can also be created through abbreviation, acronym, by intentionally rhyming with existing words, or simply through playing with sounds. Neologisms often become accepted parts of the language. Other times, however, they disappear from common usage. Whether or not a neologism continues as part of the language depends on many factors, probably the most important of which is acceptance by the public.Acceptance by linguistic experts and incorporation into dictionaries also plays a part, as does whether the phenomenon described by a neologism remains current, thus continuing to need a descriptor. It is unusual, however, for a word to enter common use if it does not resemble another word or words in an identifiable way. (In these cases, strange new words s ucceed because the idea behind them is especially memorable or exciting). When a word or phrase is no longer â€Å"new,† it is no longer a neologism.Neologisms may take decades to become â€Å"old†, though. Opinions differ on exactly how old a word must be to no longer be considered a neologism (to some, cultural acceptance also plays a influencial role than time in this regard; other dissagree, stating the amount of time the word exists in use is the important factor). Versions of Neologism * Stable – â€Å"Old†; Gained some recognizable and likely somewhat lasting foothold (i. e. , mainstreamed). * Diffused – â€Å"Young†; Reached a significant audience, but not mainstreamed. Unstable – â€Å"Newborn†; Proposed or rarely being used but meet an expressive need. Types of Neologism * Scientific – words or phrases created to describe new scientific discoveries. * Technological – words or phrases created to describe inventions. * Political – words or phrases created to make some kind of political or rhetorical point, perhaps with an eye to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis * Pop-culture – words or phrases evolved from mass media content or used to describe popular culture phenomenon (which may be considered a sub section of slang). Imported – words or phrases originating in another language. Typically they are used to express ideas that have no equivalent term in the native language. â€Å"Yesterday's neologisms, like yesterday's jargon, are often today's essential vocabulary. † – Academic Instincts, 2001[1] Compare with: portmanteau, euphemism, loanword, buzzword, word coinage, compound noun and adjective, jargon, slang.

Emergence and Development of Stem Cell Research Paper

Emergence and Development of Stem Cell - Research Paper Example Two main sources of stem cells include embryos during the early phase of embryonic development and adult stem cells. Interestingly, opposition to stem cell research is not uniform for embryonic and adult stem cells. Most of the regulations across the world are supportive of adult stem cell research but varies hugely for embryonic stem cell research. For instance, in the United States, stem cell research on studies proposing to use animal sources of adult stem cells, embryonic stem cells or embryonic germ cell lines do not have any restrictions and are federally funded, unlike human embryonic stem cell (hESC) research (Downing, 2003). 3.1. Emergence and development of stem cell research: In the US, many Christian groups protested President Bush’s initial decision regarding research on human embryonic stem cells, which resulted in forbidding further research on research. Though this consoled the priests and other religious figures in the US, this decision also received much oppo sition from other religious groups within the US and other parts of the world. Although religious groups expressed satisfaction over the President’s decision to withdraw support for research on hESCs, they also detested manipulation of existing stem cells for research purposes (Petersen, 2003). Research ethics concerned with ESCs are mostly about the method of deriving healthy human embryos and their moral status during early stages that carry different views in different religions (McLaren 2007). These differences have been the reasons for most of the ethical debate about ESC research. 3.2. Restrictions and limitations on stem cell research: After President Bush passed the bill on hESC research in 2001, funding restrictions were also imposed on this aspect as part of his campaign promise made to the citizens of the US that their money would not be used for stem cell research purposes (Stolberg, 2001). As a reaction to this, states like California, Connecticut, Illinois, Iowa , Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey and New York enacted independent funding systems (Frost & Sullivan, 2008). Regulations imposed on hESCs and adult stem cells are different in different countries. The policies on hESC research in the United States are more liberal, like that of Germany, Spain, France, and Canada; but the policies in the United Kingdom, China, Japan, and Israel are even more liberal than that of the United States (Herring, 2006). Evidence of the amount of research indicates that adult stem cell trials have been more successful in most of the countries that encourage and support stem cell research. Outcomes of these researchers on adult stem cells have been applied to treat many diseases, birth defects, cancers, severe heart-related issues etc (Herring, 2006). This evidence only indicates the extent of advancement in adult stem cell research and application in various countries across the world.

Corporate Financial Management ( CORPORATE GOVERNANCE) Essay

Corporate Financial Management ( CORPORATE GOVERNANCE) - Essay Example firms reflected on the inability of the managers to ensure that the overall governance mechanism was well placed within the organizations to ensure their stability and compliance with the rules and regulations. Thus normally, the focus is on the managers for corporate governance ignoring the fact that there are various power structures as well as stakeholders within the organization who can effectively dominate the corporate governance process. The role of institutional investors as well as active shareholders has therefore become more prominent after the collapse of large institutions and now they actively take part in the board meetings etc. Large investors such as institutional investors therefore play a critical role also and one of the fundamental questions to be asked as to how to achieve the balance between those two power structures of the organization to ensure corporate governance process to take its deeper roots. Thus â€Å"the fundamental issue concerning corporate gover nance seems to be how to In order to properly discuss the above statement, it is critical that a comprehensive overview of the theoretical attempts made so far to discuss and originate the concept of corporate governance is discussed. One of the most potent theories that outline the potential conflict between the roles of managers and shareholders is agency theory. The birth of the modern corporate required that there must be separation between the ownership and control of the organization. This was done with fundamental aim of taking advantage of the skill level of others who can perform the job of managing the corporate in better manner as compared to the owners.(Igor& Deborah,2010). Agency theory basically attempts to study the nexus of different resource holders of the firm. Accordingly, a firm is just viewed as a contract between the different resource holders of the firm however, the arrangement of agency arises when principal (mostly shareholders) delegate some power and duties

Second Language Aquisition and Perceptions of Native Language by Essay

Second Language Aquisition and Perceptions of Native Language by Foreign Students in UK Colleges - Essay Example Foreign students of English in the UK may feel particularly overwhelmed as they learn what is now the global language in its birthplace. Feelings of embarrassment over their accent and unfavorable comparisons with their own language could come into play in such a setting. The purpose of my study will be to investigate these comparisons and to find out to what extent it affects the performance of foreign students in UK Colleges. Learning a second language in young adulthood, as compared to any other age, has as many advantages as disadvantages. Young adults according to Clyne (2006) possess a distinct advantage in comparison to children in that they are better able "to achieve an analytical understanding of the new language being studied, while children can only reason about language in relatively concrete terms. Adolescents can add a child-like willingness to experiment and play with language to this capacity for metalinguistic awareness, and so they become the speediest second language learners" (P. 2). Despite these advantages it can be argued that psychological factors often outweigh mental preparedness, depending on the case. Problems with motivation and anxiety that young adults often face can impede even the brightest of students from reaching their academic goals. Anxiety surrounding language learni... Phillips claims, "Although many variables may interact to affect language learning, foreign language anxiety should be of considerable concern to language educators and students because of its potential impact not only on performance on oral tests, but also on students' affective reactions, hence their attitudes toward language learning in general" (P. 14). If a foreign student is having troubles with or doubts about the culture they are immersed in they may not feel comfortable speaking with those who are a part of this culture. This could result in the anxiety levels of foreign students building with few outlets for relief. 2. Motivation Motivation is key to success in education. If a student is not motivated they will most probably not be successful in their studies. Green (1993) believes that there are two levels of motivation in language learning. One level is cognitive linguistic which is brought out in formal language-learning situations. The second is cultural linguistic which is brought out in the environment outside of the classroom when the student is driven by what he calls instrumental and integrative motivation. Instrumental motivation comes from such forces as employment, promotions and academic success while integrative motivation comes from positive perceptions of the target-language culture and its peoples (p. 3). Green believes that, "integrative motivation might best be redefined as a force potential in any environment conducive to second-language acquisition, while acknowledging that it could equally well be viewed in universal, nonlinguistic terms as the drive for acceptance and security to bring a sense of belonging to a particular community (p.

Energy and society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Energy and society - Essay Example In order to combat these problems, several possible solutions have been offered key among them being the allocation of more land area to these renewable resources in order to maximize production, population centers should also be established close to these land areas to provide the much needed manpower needing Long distance transmission mechanisms of this renewable energy should also be introduced in order to make the most of more available resources in order to curb the deficit of electricity both locally and in the country as a whole. Stakeholders in the energy sector should also set up extensive energy storage facilities to ensure availability of this renewable electricity regardless of any weather fluctuations. These weather fluctuations should be forecast on a minute-by-minute basis to predict up and down movements of the renewable resources. Several states have come up with Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS) which require a percentage of the electricity produced in the area to be produced from renewable resources. The federal policymakers also propose the inception of national RPS to enhance the

Pricing of Goods and Services Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10000 words

Pricing of Goods and Services - Coursework Example The difference between pricing of goods and services are also highlighted and the emphasis is on understanding consumer needs, market trends, quality given and expected, competitor pricing methods used, geographical or local demands, and the resources available that would determine price. Recommendations are provided for more successful approach to marketing and for superior pricing strategies. This project would deal with the efficacy of pricing strategies and how these strategies are made. Pricing strategies are important for companies as they can help companies to successfully use market trends and expectations and set their prices to increase sales and reputation of their products and services. The marketing and business strategies of companies may not always follow strict pricing rules and theories and this may lead to incorrect pricing of products and services which can result in losses. To avoid this situation, companies must realize that their corporate focus could be largely based on pricing and drawing up a strategy for the pricing of goods and services would go a long way in improving company performance. The study here compares two different approaches to pricing drawing out similarities and differences and suggests the different pricing methods that could be most appropriate for different marketing situations. By throwing some light on different pricing method s, the thesis shows the pricing strategies that could be used by companies whether they are simply entering a market or trying to have an edge over competitors. This project differentiates between cost based, competitor based and value based pricing and thus could be a resource for companies that seeks to understand the importance of pricing strategies for marketing and selling of their products and services. This project seeks to provide comprehensive information on pricing methods available and differentiates the pricing strategies that could be used in different marketing situations. In addition, it is focused on how pricing strategies would be applicable for different management situations such as retail, services sector, land development or value based real estate pricing, internet services, healthcare, financing and general business. Here, I will provide analysis and delineate the scope of future work by providing research evidence and suggestions for future development in the area of pricing and the strategies used for pricing services.

Land Law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Land Law - Case Study Example If it is not registered (as some purchases before that date will not be), the legal owners will be listed on the document called the conveyance, which passes the property from one owner to another" (Joint Ownership of Property. 2008). However, the real value of the property lies in the second type of ownership, i.e. equitable or beneficial ownership as this ownership ensures the right to "the right to live in and use the property, and the right to share in the proceeds of any sale." Also, the equitable owner also can control a legal owner and decide on the sale of the property. As an immediate result of this factor, the buyer of the property will suffer much generally because it is normally difficult for the buyer to realise the existence of an equitable owner form the usual searches of the land or enquiries of the seller. As a result, the buyer will be bound to allow the beneficial owner after the business is over. (Joint Ownership of Property. 2008). It is also necessary that in the case of the legal and the beneficial owners of a property are different there arises a situation called trust, an arrangement formulated by a deed or written agreement. In the present case given for discussion, the two sisters Jennifer and her sister Clarissa conveyed the property as beneficial joint tenants. Thus, it is pertinent to have an idea of how such a property can be held in beneficial joint tenants which is one of the two ways of joint property, the other being the beneficial tenants in common. In the case of beneficial joint tenants, the joint owners are equally entitled to the property by which both share the rights to enjoy the benefits of the property together. Thus, the two sisters enjoy the unregistered country cottage property in Maple Leaf jointly. And, as it is evident, they do not enjoy separate shares but own the whole thing in common to each other and neither Jennifer nor Clarissa could enjoy separate share which each could sell or leave in a will. As it is clear in the case, Jennifer applies for the permission for the sale of her property, but immediately breaths her last. At her death, her application for the sale of propert y cannot succeed as in the case where "one person dies then the survivor becomes the owner of the whole property. This happens automatically without any further formality" (Joint Ownership - the methods). Also, let this be clear that Jennifer's case, at her death, in application for the sale of property cannot succeed as the law entails the person left the absolute ownership of the property. "If there is only one joint tenant left, he or she becomes outright owner of the property. Because no joint owner has a defined share, their interest in the property does not become part of their estate when they die, but simply disappears" (Joint Ownership of Property. 2008). However, we need to consider whether the particular case of Jennifer would succeed at the time of her application for sale of the property. The specifications of the case are that the property was an unregistered one conveyed to the sisters as beneficial joint tenants; the share of Jennifer in the deal was 160,000 of the total 280,000; and the children of Clarissa had Attention Hyperactivity Deficit

Being A Leader Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Being A Leader - Assignment Example The most important aspect of leadership in education, in my opinion, is to make sure that those employees that are supervised are comfortable with the leadership style and area able to work within it. My Approach to Leadership I believe that my approach to leadership comes closest to participatory because I want employees to have a say in the decision making process as well as to have an interest in what we are doing. In primary school as in any other aspect of education, teachers must have a way to express themselves and to make sure that they are doing what is necessary to help students progress in their studies. I enjoy having teams at work that can come together to share knowledge as well as to design activities so that we are all doing similar things in the classroom. Although we have guidelines that we must meet, we can still help students have fun with the curriculum and we can teach in a way that encourages inclusion rather than exclusion. Kahai, Sosik and Avolio (2006) sugge st that participative leaders are able to steer their employees towards positive growth and to strive for solving problems instead of creating more problems. Employees understand that they are part of the solution and feel they do not have to carry out the problem on their own. When employees know that they are supported in their opinions, whether they are positive or negative, they are more open to finding solutions, because they are able to have their opinions heard. Kahai, Sosick and Avolio also state that the organizational climate will be more positive because problem solving methods allow a basis for employees to feel that their â€Å"higher order needs† are met (p. 126) and they will meet the requirements of the task because they feel valued. The Organization’s Values James and Connelly (2009) suggest that an organization’s culture is difficult to describe and to predict. They state that an organization’s culture will consist of a variety of  "beliefs, symbols, values and assumptions† (391) and it will be dependent on what the individual organization believes is important to run the organization. In a primary school, the organizational climate is as good as the principle that sets the stage for what is needed in their school. In the public school where I work, the organizational climate is one of very positive reinforcement from the principal. The principal sets the leadership for the school and our principal encourages staff to come to them with problems and with other ideas for the school. As a leader within that structure, it is up to me to make sure that I keep in mind what the principal wants and to assist the teachers that I work with in my team to do what is required of us as a team. I believe that my school has strong values and that we put the needs of the students first. I see that there are a variety of ethical considerations that many people within the school have that are important to discuss. Many of the initiatives that our school has come from the National Challenge. This challenge states that by this year, 2011, at least 30% of children should be able to â€Å"gain five or more GCSEs A*-C, including both English and mathematics† (Storey, 2011). In order for students to do this, they must have effective leadership in the classroom as well as in the school. The primary school will begin the focus of the national challenge because students must have the skills they need by the time the move to secondary school.

Go Green And Save the Earth Essay Example for Free

Go Green And Save the Earth Essay Top of Form Global warming is happening and its getting worse everyday. If we dont take this problem upon ourselves, and take drastic action to help save our environment, Earths most precious gifts could be lost forever. Do you want to help? Here are some useful ways to help reduce your own carbon footprint on the Earth! RECYCLE Recycling is more than just tossing a few things in your bin here and there. You need to do more to make a positive impact. One way to reduce waste is to buy products with minimal packaging. Economy size things are great, since they are usually much bigger and you arent buying so many smaller packages. Also you can try to buy reusable products. For example, when cleaning your kitchen you can use a wash cloth that can be laundered afterwards, rather than using half a roll of paper towels. Remember to recycle paper, plastic, newspaper, glass and aluminum cans. If you recycle half of your household waste each year, you will save 2,400 pounds of carbon dioxide annually. LIGHT BULBS Changing out your light bulbs with the energy efficient bulbs not only is great for the earthits great on your bills as well! They actually give off more light than the old ones, and also last much longer! ADJUST YOUR THERMOSTAT This is a trick that will save the planet and your wallet at the same time. Make your home more energy efficient by adding insulation and weather stripping. Also, set your thermostat two degrees higher in the summer and two degrees lower in the winter.Just throw on a sweater, or cuddle with your spouse! This will also allow you to pay less for heating and air conditioning while saving about 2,000 pounds of carbon emissions each year. CARPOOL Join a carpool or take the bus. You can help the environment and save money on gas. If your work isnt too far away, try walking or biking to work. Maybe you can add a few years to your life by getting some exercise too! BUY GREEN PRODUCTS Look for products that say Earth Friendly, Greenlist, Plant Based Ingredients, or All Naturaleven Organic. Buying these products are healthy for you as well. All those extra chemicals are making us sick, and polluting our earth. REUSE PLASTIC BAGS If you cant buy the reusable cloth bags and avoid using the stores bags all togetheryou can at least reuse them at home. Please just dont throw them away. Those things are turning up everywhere! They are killing millions of marine animals in our oceans. These animals are confused by them, and when they are eaten, they die! So please, at least recycle them if your not going to use them for something else! As a concerned citizen, you should do your part to lessen the effects of global warming. Please take global warming seriously.Lets save the planet, and go GREEN!

Matisse and Munch Essay Example for Free

Matisse and Munch Essay The Dance – Henri Matisse, (1909), oil on canvas. This painting was commissioned in 1909 by Sergei Shchukin for decorative purposes (MoMa). The painting comprises five nudes dancing in a circle that is reminiscent of ancient pagan practices. Dance of Life – Edvard Munch, (1899), oil on canvas. This painting was comprises of what can be described as a ‘cyclic view of life’ whereby â€Å"We repeat ourselves like crystals that are dissolved and then recrystallise again† (Munch in Humanities Web). This piece is a highly symbolic picture of life and death and the union of souls while Matisse invokes the somewhat basic nature of humanity right down to its drives and instincts. Munch was particularly concerned with the various ways in which you see the same thing, depending on mood and time of day. â€Å"The fact is that at different times you see with different eyes.† (Munch in Eggum). Matisse prized himself on a mature compilation of color and line that was not close to the morbid fascination with death that Munch had. In the two paintings there is a distinct two dimensionality that is curiously juxtaposed to a somewhat well-arranged subject matter. Matisse and Munch both use the same vivid color but Munch has a much more diverse palette in this case. Matisse appears to be sampling the primitive nature of life that is shown by the nudity of the subjects as well as the circular composition of subjects that is reminiscent of baroque artists such as Rubens. Munch uses color to denote the presence of life on the left hand side (white) and death (black) in the clothing of the woman on the right. In between is a fire-red dress that symbolises the unity of the man and the woman. Munch creates a heavy background full of circling people while in Matisse there is no background except for a horizon line created by green paint. The background in Munch’s painting shows the people becoming smaller in an attempt to give the impression of depth in an otherwise flat picture. References: Eggum, Arne. Edvard Munch as a Painter. Munch Museet, 2009. http://www.munch.museum.no/content.aspx?id=15mid=lang=en Humanities Web. The Dance of Life. 2009. http://www.humanitiesweb.org/human.php?s=gp=ca=pID=480 MoMa. Henri Matisse – Gallery label text. 2006. http://www.moma.org/collection/browse_results.php?object_id=79124

A Study On Theoretical Perspectives In Maladaptive Behavior

A Study On Theoretical Perspectives In Maladaptive Behavior Maladaptive behavior is known as behavior that is different than normal. There are many ways to define behavior that is unusual. Antisocial Disorder is also known as abnormal. There are many perspectives known to help define and explain these behaviors. Scientific theories have been created to organize our thoughts and our beliefs to explain what it all means (Sarason, 2005). Biological Perspective explains the relationships between our brain and our behavior (Sarason, 2005). This would also cover heredity and genetics (Sarason, 2005). This perspective assumes that our bodily maladaptive behavior is due to a problem in our body (Sarason, 2005). Behavior genetics is known as a study of the effects of our genetic inheritance of behavior (Sarason, 2005). Psychodynamic Perspective is the idea that thoughts and emotions are important causes of behavior (Sarason, 2005). In most cases biological factors are important in the diagnosis of a patient. Most medical conditions require biological factors, (Sarason, 2005). Equipment such as the position emission tomography scan and the computerized tomography (CT scan) are starting to be used to demonstrate studies between the brain and behavior, (Sarason, 2005). In research of genetics and heredity it has shown that chromosomal defects are the cause of metabolic disorders that may lead to mental retardation, (Sarason, 2005). Phenylketonuria is an example of such a condition, (Sarason, 2005). Body refers to organs, muscles, bones, and the brain; mind refers to attitudes and feelings or thoughts, (Sarason, 2005). The separation between the two is intellectual intervention (Sarason, 2005). Although many people believe the separation to be complete. Cognitive and bodily functioning are closely working together (Sarason, 2005). It is known that maladaptive behavior is because of a dysfunction in the body and the way it functions (Sarason, 2005). Maladaptive behavior is a joint product of three major components; in the body or a hormonal deficiency, in physiological functioning or a tendency towards shyness, and in a social environment (Sarason, 2005). Chromosomes are threadlike that are present in the cells that make up our DNA (Sarason, 2005). Anomolies in the chromosomes are likely to cause abnormalities in our brain (Sarason, 2005). Someone with Down syndrome usually has 21 of these chromosomes as opposed to the usual 2 (Sarason, 2005). Each of these genes contains their own characteristic positions (Sarason, 2005). 60% of these genes are responsible for brain functions, (Sarason, 2005). 4,000 diseases are caused by abnormalities in these chromosomes, (Sarason, 2005). Psychologists study these genes; this is called behavior genetics (Sarason, 2005). As humans we inherit behavior (Sarason, 2005). This study is called pedigree studies. Here are some of the common studies of genetic research: Gene- Parts of your DNA that contain proteins that carries out tasks in your body (Sarason, 2005). Alleles- Variants of the same gene in a species(Sarason, 2005). Genome- All DNA processed by a person (Sarason, 2005). Genotype- the DNA makeup at the moment of conception (Sarason, 2005). Phenotype-Characteristics resulting from environment and genetics (Sarason, 2005) Heritability- A statistical estimate of characteristics affected by genetics (Sarason, 2005). Nervous System and the Brain The nervous system and the brain are also affecting who we are as humans. The nervous system is the brains control area and very important in the functioning of the brain (Sarason, 2005). The nervous system consists of neurons which have very special purposes (Sarason, 2005). The brain is now known as the most complex structure in the entire world (Sarason, 2005). The nervous system is split into two parts: the central nervous system, including the nerve cells or neurons, brain and spinal cords (Sarason, 2005). The Peripheral nervous system includes all the neurons that connect the central nervous system with the glands, muscles, and sensory system (Sarason, 2005). The Peripheral nervous system has two parts; the somatic system and the Autonomic system (Sarason, 2005). The somatic system transmits information from sense organs to the muscles that help us move (Sarason, 2005). Autonomic system directs activity of the glands and our internal organs (Sarason, 2005). It is said that the brain has a lot to do with our behavior. The way it functions and the way we perceive things when the brain is trying to transmit the information can also get lost in translation. There are so many ways that information can be misinterpreted when the brain is not correctly functioning. The behavioral state of a human is usually best observed through an EEG machine. This machine can measure alertness through tracings of the brain and its activity. It can measure if someone is alert or awake, resting, eyes closed, light sleep, deep sleep, or dreaming (Sarason, 2005). A healthy brain will also react to new experiences where a damaged brain might not react (Sarason, 2005). This can also be measure on an EEG machine. Freuds Theory of Personalities Sigmund Freud was a great neurologist from 1856-1939 (Sarason, 2005). He was also one of the most influential writers in the twentieth century. Freuds theory of Personality is also one of the most influential writings. It seems very complex to some. One of Freuds theories consists of psychic determinism. This states that behavior is determined by prior mental events in ones life (Sarason, 2005). Freud believed that there are two levels of consciousness. One is consciousness itself and the other is precociousness (Sarason, 2005). This means that if someone were thinking of one thing, they could easily store this in mind and move back to a previous thought. Freud found that this had a lot to do with overt behavior. He also believed that the greater the mental conflict in the conscious stayed there, the greater the stress would become (Sarason, 2005). Behavior Perspectives and Genetics The behavioral perspective focuses on behavior as a response to stimuli in the environment of the organism, (Sarason, 2005). An American psychologist names John B. Watson created was the founder of behaviorism (Sarason, 2005). Watson created this as a thoroughly mechanical affair, (Sarason, 2005). The complete personality was created for overt behavior and was built up out of the conditioning process (Sarason, 2005). Many psychologists did not believe Watson. They believed that behavior was much more complex. They believed that it is truly a hard process. Watson just believed that a little time would bring on a dynamic behavioral change. Behavioral Perspective was also created because psychologists found that Freuds ideas about the mind were too complex enough and very vague (Sarason, 2005). Psychologists believed that this could be explained in an easier way to understand. Many of them were having problems understanding so this led them to creation of their own theories. Both the psychoanalytical and behavioral approaches are deterministic but can be found in different places, (Sarason, 2005). Psychologists that use this type of behavioral perspective focus on what the patient is learning (Sarason, 2005). They view any type of behavior as stimuli-response and relationships (Sarason, 2005). In the process of changing someones behavior, they concentrate on altering the environment and rewards (Sarason, 2005). Early behavioral perspectives lacked certain elements. In the process of classical conditioning psychologists are watching for a response that an organism is automatically stimulated and transferred to a new one through an association between the two (Sarason, 2005). Ivan Pavlov was one of the most famous classical conditioning experimenters. Pavlov placed a hungry dog in a harness and turned on a light at certain intervals (Sarason, 2005). The dog did not salivate in response to the light making the light conditioned stimuli (Sarason, 2005). After a few times of trying this, meat powder was delivered after the dog was stimulated. Since the dog was hungry, he salivated an unconditional response (Sarason). Pavlov found that although there was no food delivered at certain points of the experiment, the dog was still salivating. Pavlov also tried the ringing of a bell as a stimulus (Sarason, 2005). In some cases there are unpleasant, avoidant or escape responses (Sarason, 2005). For example, the experiments that entails a mouse moving through a maze to find food. They use the electric charge to pulse through the mouse to help them find the food. Eventually the mouse is able to get to the food every time without the stimuli of the electric charge to show him the way. When these conditioned responses are reinforced during the process of conditioning, these responses dissipate (Sarason, 2005). The disappearance of early responses is called extinction (Sarason, 2005). Many students of maladaptive behavior begin to become fascinated with classical conditioning when they realize it explains a lot about many types of emotional responses (Sarason, 2005). There is also such a thing as accidental conditional responses For example, I almost drowned when I was 4 years old. Since that day I have been terrified of any body of water. If I were to tell a psychologist this, they might recommend systematic desensitization (Sarason, 2005). Here is a diagram of how this might work (Sarason, 2005). Unconditional Unconditional responses Drowning Fear Conditional Stimulus- Conditional response Pool or another body of water Fear Breaking down the steps of stimuli between the conditional stimuli and conditional responses could alleviate the fear of water or drowning. Operant response is also called instrumental conditioning, when the organism must make a particular response to the actions before the reinforcement starts to take affect (Sarason, 2005). The organism reflects its environment (Sarason, 2005). B. F. Skinner was the first psychologist to demonstrate this type of conditioning and its effectiveness (Sarason, 2005). He was also one of the most influential psychologists of the 20th century (Sarason, 2005). Skinner created an experiment named Skinner box where a rat will press a bar repeatedly if this activity is reinforced by pellets of food falling into a dish (Sarason, 2005). Operant conditioning is responses that occur less prior to being reinforced (Sarason, 2005). Reinforcement, punishment, and extinction are all steps of operant conditioning (Sarason, 2005). A reinforce is an event that increases the possibility of a stimulus responding in a certain way (Sarason, 2005). A positive reinforce increases the possibility of the outcome being something good (Sarason, 2005). A negative reinforce increases the outcome being something negative (Sarason, 2005). Punishment is another way of changing behavior that is hit or miss. Sometimes it will be effective and other times it will not. Here are a few examples of a schedule of reinforcements used to research learning. Continuous reinforcement schedule- every response of a particular type is reinforced (Sarason, 2005). Partial or Intermittent reinforcement schedule- only some of these responses are reinforced (Sarason, 2005). Fixed-ratio schedule- reinforcement is given after a fixed number of these responses (Sarason, 2005). Variable-ration schedule-reinforcement varies around an average 10 responses (Sarason, 2005). Fixed-Interval schedule- reinforcement follows the first response that occurs after certain time intervals (Sarason, 2005). Variable-interval schedule- reinforcement occurs after a variable interval of time (Sarason, 2005). Psychodynamic Perspective The psychodynamic perspective the idea that thoughts and emotions are important causes of behavior, (Sarason, 2005). Many psychologists believe that rational thinking will produce personal and social adjustment (Sarason, 2005). In the 19th century this began to attract more and more attention. People were drawn to the fact that maladaptive behavior was not normal. The organic approach to psychological behavior is influenced by physiological and the anatomy of a human being (Sarason, 2005). Mental disorders are a direct reflection of what is going on in the brain and how we function with this (Sarason, 2005). People began to believe that brain cells were what were making us unhappy (Sarason, 2005). The bad thing about this belief system is that there is much more to it. We needed to dig deeper to figure out what the stem of the problem was. Psychologists were finding it harder to convince people that there was really something wrong as opposed to someone just being crazy. People wanted to believe what they wanted to, making it difficult for psychologist. Psychologists hope to find evidence that behavior was a reflection of the brain (Sarason, 2005). An interact ional or biopsychological approach currently directs the work of most clinicians and researchers, (Sarason, 2005). Coping, skills due to this perspective result in stress and vulnerabili ty (Sarason, 2005). Think of these as a coping mechanism (Sarason, 2005). Antisocial Disorder Anti-social disorder is typically associated with violence, delinquency and violence ( Sarason, 2005). Critical features of this disorder would be: Failure to conform to social norms, (Sarason, 2005) Deceitfulness or being manipulative (Sarason, 2005) Failure to plan ahead or being impulsive (Sarason, 2005) Irritability or being aggressive (Sarason, 2005) Disregard for other; being reckless (Sarason, 2005) Consistently being irresponsible (Sarason, 2005) Lack of remorse for their actions (Sarason, 2005) Anti-social disorder is inherited and it is not yet clear how (Sarason, 2005). Impulsive physical violence is related to low levels of serotonin and one of its metabolites in spinal fluid, (Sarason, 2005). Anxiety has also been studied. It has become a very consistent component of Anti-social disorder (Sarason, 2005). People with anti-social disorder lack the ability to feel for others and will most likely hurt the people that are closest to them without remorse (Sarason, 2005). People with anti-social disorder are very difficult to diagnose and help. Their tendencies and personalities are very hard to understand (Sarason, 2005). In conclusion, our behavior is not only altered by genetics but is also altered by our brain and our nervous system. It is very difficult to find a direct diagnosis of a person without all medical history. There are numerous things that could affect a humans train of thought and the ability to cope in day to day life. Freuds theory shows that people are able to be aware of their ability to consciously think. We are constantly thinking on two levels, giving us the ability to make choices. We are able to think on a level of good or bad. We are able to capacitate many types of brain alterations. The brain is so complex making it very difficult for us to truly understand. We have the basis of how behavior can affect us. We can chose to listen to our preconscious as opposed to the conscious that is telling us to do the wrong thing. Or we can run through life with reckless disregard for others. We have the ability to make these choices for ourselves, given that we are aware of the malfunct ioning of our brains. Despite this, technology and diagnosis will continue to expand and diagnosis will become easier and easier.